![]() ![]() (b) Gage’s prefrontal cortex was severely damaged in the left hemisphere. (a) Phineas Gage holds the iron rod that penetrated his skull in an 1848 railroad construction accident. She can do routine tasks like running to the market to buy milk, but she could not communicate verbally if a situation called for it. She can follow directions but can’t respond verbally, and she can read but no longer write. There is nothing wrong with her mouth or her vocal cords, but she is unable to produce words. She completely lost the ability to speak and form any kind of meaningful language. About twenty years ago, she was in a car accident and suffered damage to her Broca’s area. For example, Padma was an electrical engineer who was socially active and a caring, involved mother. People who suffer damage to Broca’s area have great difficulty producing language of any form. It contains the motor cortex, which is involved in planning and coordinating movement the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning and Broca’s area, which is essential for language production. The frontal lobe is involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language. The frontal lobe is located in the forward part of the brain, extending back to a fissure known as the central sulcus. The four lobes of the brain are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes (Figure 2). The brain and its parts can be divided into three main categories: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Each cerebral hemisphere can be subdivided into four lobes, each associated with different functions. The cerebral cortex, which is the outer surface of the brain, is associated with higher level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory. The forebrain contains the cerebral cortex and a number of other structures that lie beneath the cortex (called subcortical structures): thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the limbic system (collection of structures). ![]() Identify the location and function of the lobes of the brainįorebrain Structures The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are part of the forebrain (Figure 1), which is the largest part of the brain. ![]()
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